Which disorder is usually associated with adduction of the forefoot?

Which disorder is usually associated with adduction of the forefoot?

• A. Internal femoral torsion
• B. Talipes equinovarus congenital
• C. Genu valgum
• D. Internal tibial torsion

Answer: (B)

Forefoot adduction is a hallmark of congenital talipes equinovarus (clubfoot). In this deformity the hindfoot is varus and the ankle is plantarflexed (equinus), with the forefoot deviated medially toward the midline. That inward, adducted forefoot appearance is the classic clue. The other conditions involve different rotational problems or alignment issues that don’t present with a fixed forefoot adduction: internal femoral torsion causes in-toeing from femoral rotation, internal tibial torsion from tibial rotation, and genu valgum affects knee alignment rather than the forefoot.

Forefoot adduction is a hallmark of congenital talipes equinovarus (clubfoot). In this deformity the hindfoot is varus and the ankle is plantarflexed (equinus), with the forefoot deviated medially toward the midline. That inward, adducted forefoot appearance is the classic clue. The other conditions involve different rotational problems or alignment issues that don’t present with a fixed forefoot adduction: internal femoral torsion causes in-toeing from femoral rotation, internal tibial torsion from tibial rotation, and genu valgum affects knee alignment rather than the forefoot.