Which is not a proposed etiologic factor in premenstrual syndrome?

Which is not a proposed etiologic factor in premenstrual syndrome?

• A. Imbalance of water & sodium
• B. Fluctuation in steroids
• C. Synthesis of prostaglandins
• D. Vitamin B12 deficiency

Answer: (D)

Premenstrual syndrome is thought to arise from how hormonal changes in the luteal phase influence other body systems, including fluid balance, prostaglandin activity, and brain chemistry. Imbalances in water and sodium can lead to bloating and edema seen before menses. Fluctuations in steroids, particularly estrogen and progesterone, can affect mood-regulating pathways and contribute to emotional and behavioral symptoms. Prostaglandins, produced in greater amounts in the luteal phase, can drive uterine contractions and related somatic symptoms like cramps. Vitamin B12 deficiency, however, does not have a recognized causal role in PMS; its problems lie more with anemia and neurologic issues, not the premenstrual symptom cluster.

Premenstrual syndrome is thought to arise from how hormonal changes in the luteal phase influence other body systems, including fluid balance, prostaglandin activity, and brain chemistry. Imbalances in water and sodium can lead to bloating and edema seen before menses. Fluctuations in steroids, particularly estrogen and progesterone, can affect mood-regulating pathways and contribute to emotional and behavioral symptoms. Prostaglandins, produced in greater amounts in the luteal phase, can drive uterine contractions and related somatic symptoms like cramps. Vitamin B12 deficiency, however, does not have a recognized causal role in PMS; its problems lie more with anemia and neurologic issues, not the premenstrual symptom cluster.